Difference between revisions of "Unit heat consumption of buildings in Finland"
From Testiwiki
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== Answer == | == Answer == | ||
| + | |||
| + | <t2b name="U.factor" index="Surface,Construction year,Unit" desc="Kuvaus" unit="-"> | ||
| + | Outside wall|<1960|W/(m2K)|0.48| | ||
| + | Outside wall|1960|W/(m2K)|0.40| | ||
| + | Outside wall|1970|W/(m2K)|0.30| | ||
| + | Outside wall|1980|W/(m2K)|0.28| | ||
| + | Outside wall|1990|W/(m2K)|0.28| | ||
| + | Outside wall|2000|W/(m2K)|0.0.25| | ||
| + | Outside wall|2010|W/(m2K)|0.17| | ||
| + | Roof|<1960|W/(m2K)|0.30| | ||
| + | Roof|1960|W/(m2K)|0.28| | ||
| + | Roof|1970|W/(m2K)|0.25| | ||
| + | Roof|1980|W/(m2K)|0.25| | ||
| + | Roof|1990|W/(m2K)|0.16| | ||
| + | Roof|2000|W/(m2K)|0.16| | ||
| + | Roof|2010|W/(m2K)|0.09| | ||
| + | Floor|<1960|W/(m2K)|0.30| | ||
| + | Floor|1960|W/(m2K)|0.30| | ||
| + | Floor|1970|W/(m2K)|0.30| | ||
| + | Floor|1980|W/(m2K)|0.30| | ||
| + | Floor|1990|W/(m2K)|0.30| | ||
| + | Floor|2000|W/(m2K)|0.25| | ||
| + | Floor|2010|W/(m2K)|0.25| | ||
| + | Window|<1960|W/(m2K)|2.1| | ||
| + | Window|1960|W/(m2K)|1.9| | ||
| + | Window|1970|W/(m2K)|1.6| | ||
| + | Window|1980|W/(m2K)|1.4| | ||
| + | Window|1990|W/(m2K)|1.4| | ||
| + | Window|2000|W/(m2K)|1.4| | ||
| + | Window|2010|W/(m2K)|1| | ||
| + | Outer door|<1960|W/(m2K)|1.4| | ||
| + | Outer door|1960|W/(m2K)|1.4| | ||
| + | Outer door|1970|W/(m2K)|1.4| | ||
| + | Outer door|1980|W/(m2K)|1.4| | ||
| + | Outer door|1990|W/(m2K)|1.4| | ||
| + | Outer door|2000|W/(m2K)|1.4| | ||
| + | Outer door|2010|W/(m2K)|1| | ||
| + | </t2b> | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | <rcode graphics="1" | ||
| + | > | ||
| + | |||
| + | library(OpasnetUtils) | ||
| + | library(ggplot2) | ||
| + | |||
| + | objects.latest('Op_fi2808','alustus') | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | altistuminen <- EvalOutput(altistuminen) | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | altistuminen@output$altistuminenSource <- NULL | ||
| + | |||
| + | altistuminen@output <- reshape( | ||
| + | altistuminen@output, | ||
| + | timevar = "Ikä", | ||
| + | idvar = c("Altiste", "Altistumistaso", "Altistumislähde"), | ||
| + | direction = "wide" | ||
| + | ) | ||
| + | |||
| + | colnames(altistuminen@output) <- gsub("altistuminenResult.", "", colnames(altistuminen@output)) | ||
| + | |||
| + | cat("Keskimääräinen päivittäinen haitta-aineen saanti paikallisista lähteistä (µg/kg/d) sekä kokonaissaanti (paikalliset lähteet ja taustasaanti ravinnosta, µg/kg/vrk).\n") | ||
| + | oprint(altistuminen@output[altistuminen@output$Altiste == altiste, ],digits=5) | ||
| + | |||
| + | </rcode> | ||
| + | |||
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Contents
Question
What is the average unit heat consumption (energy purchase, kWh/m2/year) of different types of residential buildings in Finland?
Characterisation of buildings:
- Building type (detached house, row house, apartment building)
- Construction decade
- Primary heat source (light oil, pellet, district heat, electricity, geothermal)
Answer
| Obs | Surface | Construction year | Unit | Result | Kuvaus |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Outside wall | <1960 | W/(m2K) | 0.48 | |
| 2 | Outside wall | 1960 | W/(m2K) | 0.40 | |
| 3 | Outside wall | 1970 | W/(m2K) | 0.30 | |
| 4 | Outside wall | 1980 | W/(m2K) | 0.28 | |
| 5 | Outside wall | 1990 | W/(m2K) | 0.28 | |
| 6 | Outside wall | 2000 | W/(m2K) | 0.0.25 | |
| 7 | Outside wall | 2010 | W/(m2K) | 0.17 | |
| 8 | Roof | <1960 | W/(m2K) | 0.30 | |
| 9 | Roof | 1960 | W/(m2K) | 0.28 | |
| 10 | Roof | 1970 | W/(m2K) | 0.25 | |
| 11 | Roof | 1980 | W/(m2K) | 0.25 | |
| 12 | Roof | 1990 | W/(m2K) | 0.16 | |
| 13 | Roof | 2000 | W/(m2K) | 0.16 | |
| 14 | Roof | 2010 | W/(m2K) | 0.09 | |
| 15 | Floor | <1960 | W/(m2K) | 0.30 | |
| 16 | Floor | 1960 | W/(m2K) | 0.30 | |
| 17 | Floor | 1970 | W/(m2K) | 0.30 | |
| 18 | Floor | 1980 | W/(m2K) | 0.30 | |
| 19 | Floor | 1990 | W/(m2K) | 0.30 | |
| 20 | Floor | 2000 | W/(m2K) | 0.25 | |
| 21 | Floor | 2010 | W/(m2K) | 0.25 | |
| 22 | Window | <1960 | W/(m2K) | 2.1 | |
| 23 | Window | 1960 | W/(m2K) | 1.9 | |
| 24 | Window | 1970 | W/(m2K) | 1.6 | |
| 25 | Window | 1980 | W/(m2K) | 1.4 | |
| 26 | Window | 1990 | W/(m2K) | 1.4 | |
| 27 | Window | 2000 | W/(m2K) | 1.4 | |
| 28 | Window | 2010 | W/(m2K) | 1 | |
| 29 | Outer door | <1960 | W/(m2K) | 1.4 | |
| 30 | Outer door | 1960 | W/(m2K) | 1.4 | |
| 31 | Outer door | 1970 | W/(m2K) | 1.4 | |
| 32 | Outer door | 1980 | W/(m2K) | 1.4 | |
| 33 | Outer door | 1990 | W/(m2K) | 1.4 | |
| 34 | Outer door | 2000 | W/(m2K) | 1.4 | |
| 35 | Outer door | 2010 | W/(m2K) | 1 |
Rationale
Heat consumption of a building depends on the outdoor air temperature, preferred indoor air temperature, insulation, air tightness and surface area of the building envelope (walls, roof, floor, windows, doors), ventilation rate and heat recovery from the ventilated air, heating system (efficiency of heat production and recovery of lost heat), hot water demand, internal heat gains from people and electrical equipment, and external heat gains from the sun.
Models for calculating building heat consumption
- D5 Suomen rakentamismääräyskokoelma
Outdoor temperature in Finland
- Finnish Meteorological Institute temperature statistics[3]:
- Monthly temperatures (Celsius) in different observation points in Finland in 1971-2000
- Areas (Southern Finland, Western Finland, Eastern Finland, Northern Finland) are defined based on Statistics Finland major regions classification[4]
- The average monthly temperature in each area has been calculated as the mean of all the observation points (cities) within that area.
| Area/City | January | February | March | April | May | June | July | August | September | October | November | December | Average for September-May |
| Southern Finland | |||||||||||||
| Kaarina (Yltöinen) | -4.6 | -5.5 | -1.9 | 3.1 | 9.6 | 14.4 | 16.9 | 15.3 | 10.4 | 5.7 | 1 | -2.8 | 1.7 |
| Helsinki-Vantaa (airport) | -5.2 | -5.7 | -2.2 | 3.3 | 10 | 14.6 | 16.9 | 15.3 | 10.1 | 5.2 | 0.1 | -3.2 | 1.4 |
| Lahti (Laune) | -6.8 | -7.3 | -2.9 | 2.8 | 9.9 | 14.6 | 16.6 | 14.6 | 9.1 | 4.2 | -0.8 | -4,8 | 0.4 |
| Lappeenranta (airport) | -8 | -8.1 | -3.2 | 2.5 | 9.9 | 14.7 | 17.2 | 14.9 | 9.4 | 3.9 | -1.4 | -5.2 | 0 |
| Average | -6.2 | -6.7 | -2.6 | 2.9 | 9.9 | 14.6 | 16.9 | 15.0 | 9.8 | 4.8 | -0.3 | -4.0 | 0.9 |
| Western Finland | |||||||||||||
| Tampere-Pirkkala (airport) | -6.7 | -7 | -2.8 | 3 | 9.5 | 14.4 | 16.6 | 14.6 | 9.4 | 4.7 | -1 | -4.6 | 0.5 |
| Jyväskylä (airport) | -8.5 | -8.7 | -4 | 1.4 | 8.7 | 14 | 16 | 13.7 | 8.2 | 3.2 | -2.2 | -6.4 | -0.9 |
| Seinäjoki (Pelmaa) | -7.1 | -7.3 | -3.2 | 2.2 | 8.8 | 13.9 | 15.4 | 13.8 | 8.7 | 3.9 | -1.4 | -5.3 | -0.1 |
| Average | -7.4 | -7.7 | -3.3 | 2.2 | 9.0 | 14.1 | 16.0 | 14.0 | 8.8 | 3.9 | -1.5 | -5.4 | -0.2 |
| Eastern Finland | |||||||||||||
| Tohmajärvi (Kemie) | -10 | -9.8 | -4.4 | 1.3 | 8.6 | 14 | 16.1 | 13.5 | 8.2 | 3 | -2.9 | -7.3 | -1.5 |
| Valtimo (Kk) | -11.1 | -10.8 | -5 | 0.6 | 8 | 13.7 | 16 | 13.3 | 7.8 | 2.3 | -3.7 | -8.7 | -2.3 |
| Siikajoki | -9.4 | -9 | -4.4 | 1 | 7.6 | 13.1 | 15.5 | 13 | 7.9 | 2.8 | -3.1 | -7.3 | -1.5 |
| Average | -10.2 | -9.9 | -4.6 | 1.0 | 8.1 | 13.6 | 15.9 | 13.3 | 8.0 | 2.7 | -3.2 | -7.8 | -1.8 |
| Northern Finland | |||||||||||||
| Rovaniemi (airport) | -11.7 | -11.0 | -6.1 | -1.0 | 5.8 | 12.2 | 14.9 | 12.1 | 6.6 | 0.2 | -6.1 | -10.0 | -3.7 |
- Jylhä et al. 2009[5]
- Estimates for climate change in Finland by the Finnish Meteorologigal Institute.
- Projected change in seasonal and annual mean temperature (Celsius) in 2010-2039 relative to 1971-2000 as averaged over the territory of Finland. In addition to the best estimate (50%), six other percentiles of the probability distribution are given. The projection is based on the simulations performed with 19 global climate models, with IPCC greenhouse gas emission scenarios A1B, A2 and B1 considered equally likely.
| Probability distribution percentile: | 5 % | 10 % | 25 % | 50 % | 75 % | 90 % | 95 % |
| Winter | 1.1 | 1.4 | 1.8 | 2.2 | 2.7 | 3.1 | 3.3 |
| Spring | 0.4 | 0.6 | 1 | 1.4 | 1.9 | 2.3 | 2.5 |
| Summer | 0 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 1.9 | 2.1 |
| Autumn | 0.6 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 1.7 | 2 | 2.2 |
| Annual | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 1.9 | 2.2 | 2.3 |
Indoor air temperature
- Finnish health based guideline values (Celsius degrees) for indoor air temperature in residential buildings[6]:
- Good level: 21 C
- Lowest acceptable level: 18 C
- Highest acceptable level: 26 C
- Highest recommended level during heating period: 23-24 C
Building characteristics
- Building structure U-values (heat transfer coefficient, W / m2 K) given in Finnish building regulations:
| 1978-1985 | 1985-2002 | 2003-2006 | 2007-2010 | 2010- | ||||||
| Building structure | Mass less than 100 kg / m2 | Mass over 100 kg / m2 | Warm area > 17 °C | Half warm area > 5 °C | Warm area > 17 °C | Half warm area > 5 °C | Warm area 17 °C | Half warm area > 5 °C | Warm area 17 °C | Half warm area > 5 °C |
| Wall | 0,29 | 0,35 | 0,28 | 0,45 | 0,25 | 0,45 | 0,24 | 0,38 | 0,17 | 0,26 |
| Roof | 0,23 | 0,29 | 0,22 | 0,45 | 0,16 | 0,45 | 0,15 | 0,28 | 0,09 | 0,14 |
| Floor | 0,23 | 0,29 | 0,22 | 0,45 | 0,16 | 0,45 | 0,15 | 0,28 | 0,09 | 0,26 |
| Floor structure directly against ground | 0,4 | 0,4 | 0,36 | 0,45 | 0,25 | 0,45 | 0,24 | 0,34 | 0,16 | 0,24 |
| Window | 2,1 | 3,1 | 1,4 | 2,1 | 1,4 | 1,8 | 1 | 1,4 | ||
| Door | 0,7 | 2,9 | 1,4 | 2,1 | 1,4 | 1,8 | 1 | 1,4 |
- Development of building characteristics in Finland[7]
| 50's | 60's | 70's | 80's | New (2009), standard | New (2009), tight | |
| Roof, U-value | 0.3 | 0.28 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.16 | 0.16 |
| Floor, U-value | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 |
| Wall, U-value | 0.48 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.28 | 0.25 | 0.25 |
| Window, U-value | 2.1 | 2.1 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 |
| n50 (air leakage) | 12 | 10 | 7 | 7 | 4 | 1 |
| Air exchange technique | Gravitational | Gravitational | Mechanical | Mechanical | Mechanical with heat recovery | Mechanical with heat recovery |
- Window surface area in the 2010 Finnish building regulations[8]
- The guideline value (vertailuarvo) for the total surface area of windows is 15% from the total surface area of floors completely or partly above the ground level.
- The maximum value for the total surface area of windows is 50% from the total surface area of the outside walls.
Warm water consumption
Dependencies
- Outdoor air temperature
- Indoor air temperature
- Building envelope (walls, roof, floor, windows, doors)
- Insulation (heat conductance)
- Air tightness (involuntary air leakage)
- Air ventilation (rate, heat recovery)
- Heating system (heat production efficiency and heat loss from distribution within a building)
- Internal heat gains (electrical equipment, people, recovery of heat loss from heat distribution within a building)
- External heat gains (sun)
- Hot water demand
Formula
See also
Keywords
Building, heat consumption
References
- ↑ Ympäristöministeriö 2007. Rakennuksen energiakulutuksen ja lämmitystehon tarpeen laskenta.. Ohjeet 2007. D5 Suomen rakentamismääräyskokoelma, Ympäristöminiteriö, Asunto- ja rakennusosasto.
- ↑ Ympäristöministeriö 2007. Rakennuksen energiakulutuksen ja lämmitystehon tarpeen laskenta.. Ohjeet 2007. D5 Suomen rakentamismääräyskokoelma, Ympäristöminiteriö, Asunto- ja rakennusosasto. Luonnos 28.9.2010
- ↑ Ilmatieteenlaitos, kuukausitilastot
- ↑ Tilastokeskus, Suomen suuraluejako
- ↑ Jylhä et al. 2009. Arvioita Suomen muuttuvasta ilmastosta sopeutumistutkimuksia varten. ACCLIM-hankkeen raportti 2009. Ilmatieteen laitos, raportti 2009:4.
- ↑ Sosiaali- ja terveysministeriö 2003. Asumisterveysohje. Asuntojen ja muiden oleskelutilojen fysikaaliset, kemialliset ja mikrobiologiset tekijät. Sosiaali- ja terveysministeriön oppaita 2003:1.
- ↑ Tutkija Virpi Leivo (Tampereen teknillinen yliopisto, rakennustekniikka), esitys "Rakennusten energiatehokkuus, sisäympäristön laatu ja terveys" -workshopissa Kuopiossa 12.8.2009.
- ↑ Ympäristöministeriö 2008. Rakennusten lämmöneristys. Määräykset 2010. C3 Suomen rakentamismääräyskokoelma. Ympäristöministeriö, Rakennetun ympäristön osasto.
Related files
<mfanonymousfilelist></mfanonymousfilelist>
