Air exchange rate for European residences

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Utilization

Air exchange rates (AER) are used when defining the interaction of outdoor and indoor air. The values are used when calculating the fate, movement and concentrations of indoor air pollutants. The entrance of outdoor pollution to the indoors and vice versa has to be defined then.

Limitations

The level of air exchange rate is dependable on many factors, like the ventilation technique, building technique and yearly season, and due to that there is a lot of variability in the air exchange values. This limits the usability of air exchange rate value measured in one location.

Data

Data on measured air exchange rates has been collected for purposes of HEIMTSA and INTARESE projects. Furthermore, a comprehensive review paper has been previously published by Dimitroulopoulou [1]. These measured values are collected to the table below.

For the needs of on-going project called HealthVent the measured air exchange values were used to create a model, which was then used to predict the distributions of air exchange rates for each EU country. The created model is described and the predicted values are provided in modeled air exchange rates in European homes.

Information based on previous studies

The following data table includes the measured data collected for the purpose of HEIMTSA and INTARESE projects, and expanded with the data extracted from the recent review by Dimitroulopoulou [1].

Country No. Of houses Mean Standard deviation Min Max Remarks Reference
Austria 84 0.3 0.6 Passive/low energy house [2]
Belgium 51 7.8 1.8 25.0 41 single-family houses, 9 apartments [3]
Bulgaria 156 0.16 0.45 [4]
Cyprus
Czech Republic 16 0.75 0.45 Estimated values [5]
1 0.45 0.12 1.5 Apartment [6]
Denmark 114 0.1 2.41 [7]
28 0.67 [8]
123 0.33 Single-family houses with natural ventilation [9]
123 0.55 Single-family houses with mechanical exhaust ventilation [9]
123 0.59 Apartments with exhaust ventilation [9]
117 0.62 0.56 Single-family houses, winter measurements (October to March) [10]
200 0.37 0.56 Case study [11]
300 0.37 0.59 Base study [11]
400 0.52 Windows closed [11]
95 1.05 Windows open [11]
50 0.31 Door and windows closed [11]
Estonia 31 4.9 3.5 0.7 14 [12]
5 1.42 (winter) 0.33 1.2 2.0 [13]
5 0.62 (summer) 0.29 0.3 1.1 [13]
Finland 16 6.0 2.2 12 Pre-fabricated timer-frame wall-elements houses [14]
28 3.5 1.0 7.5 Special attention paid to airtightness [14]
171 5.9 1.6 18 One family and detached houses, cases of reclamation [14]
100 3.9 1.8 0.5 8.9 Timer-frame envelope [14]
84 0.81 0.85 Estimated values [5]
0.52 0.07 1.55 Three ventilation systems [15]
0.45 0.22 Houses [15]
0.54 0.3 Apartments [15]
0.41 0.22 Natural ventilation [15]
0.46 0.19 Mechanical ventilation [15]
0.49 0.26 Balanced ventilation [15]
102 0.4 newly built detached houses, equipped with MVHR systems [16]
France 0.3 Means, different studies, winter [17]
1.6 Summer
Germany 0.3 0.6 Passive/low energy house [2]
0.32 Low energy house
0.36 [18]
0.65 Rooms with double windows, with sealing [18]
0.65 Rooms with double windows, without sealing [18]
0.65 Rooms with highly insulated windows [18]
Greece 20 6.38 3.15 1.87 11.3 Natural ventilation, entrance totally exposed to exterior env. [19]
50 1.14 1.05 Winter 2004, natural ventilation [20]
50 0.74 Median, smoking homes [20]
50 0.52 Median, non-smoking homes [20]
2 0.21 0.28 Winter, natural ventilation [21]
2 0.35 0.97 Summer, natural ventilation [21]
50 1.3 1.1 Estimated values [5]
Hungary 0.3 18 Required ACH for different room types for prefabricated concrete buildings. [22]
Iceland
Ireland
Italy 3 8.07 3.4 5.4 11.9 Old dwellings, from 1916, 70s and 80s. [23]
Latvia
Lithuania 0.85 0.18 0.5 1.2 Multi-flat panel apartment building built in 1960 -80 [24]
Luxemburg
Malta
Netherlands 37 0.3 0.5 [25]
0.42 0.45 [26]
Norway 61 4.7 2.0 8.0 [27]
10 4.0 3.3 5.4 detached, 1 1/2 storey, built in 1980 [28]
502 0.67, 0.69 0.03 single family house, detached and semi-detached +apartment buildings [29]
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain 2 Assumed by the Catalonian government
Sweden 205 3.7 1.24 built in 1982 -89 [30]
44 1.02 Timber frame envelope [31]
Switzerland
UK 471 13.1 2 30 [32]


References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Dimitroulopoulou, C. Ventilation in European dwellings: A review. Building and Environment 2012;47:109-125 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Dimit" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 CEN Report CR 1752: 1998, Ventilation for buildings - design criteria for infoor environment, European committee for Standardization, Brussels
  3. ↑ Bossaer A. Et al. AIRTIGHTNESS PERFORMANCES IN NEW BELGIAN DWELLINGS, 19 annual AL AIVC CONFERENCE
  4. ↑ Kolarik, B. Et al(2008) The concentrations of phthalates in settled dust in Bulgarian homes in relation to building characteristic and cleaning habits in the family. Atmospheric Environment, 42 (37), 8553-8559.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Hänninen, O. O. Et al (2004) Infiltration of ambient PM2.5 and levels of indoor generated non-ETS PM2.5 in residences of four European cities. Atmospheric Environment, 38(37), 6411-6423.
  6. ↑ Stavova P. Et al. Air change rate measurement in Apartment by CO2 Method.
  7. ↑ Harving H. Et al. (1992) The indoor environment in Dwellings: A study of Air-exchange, humidity and pollutants in 115 Danish Residences. Indoor Air 2: 121-126
  8. ↑ Kvistgaard et al. (1990)
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Bergsøe (1991)
  10. ↑ Andersen et al. (1997)
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Bekö et al. (2010)) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Bek.C3.B6" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Bek.C3.B6" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Bek.C3.B6" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Bek.C3.B6" defined multiple times with different content
  12. ↑ Lightweight (timber frame and perforated light-steel-frame) detached houses||Kalamees T. (2006). Air tightness and air leakages of new lightweight single-family detached houses in Estonia; Building and Environment 42: 2369-2377
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 5 different residential buildings with 2-9 floors. Built in 1931 . 1986. some were renovated in 1995 and 1997||EkBerg L.E. Et al (1999): Ventilation and indoor air quality in five Estonian residential buildings: a comparison with Scandinavian conditions. AIVC 20th Conference and Indoor Air 99, the 8th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, UK, Garston, BRE, 1999, proceedings, Vol 4,
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 As cited by Kalames T.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 Ruotsalainen et al. (1991; 1992) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "ruotsalainen" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "ruotsalainen" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "ruotsalainen" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "ruotsalainen" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "ruotsalainen" defined multiple times with different content
  16. ↑ Kurnitski et al. (2007)
  17. ↑ Thiers, S. & Peuportier, B. (2008) Thermal and environmental assessment of a passive building equipped with an earth-to-air heat exchanger in France. Solar Energy, 82(9), 820-831.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 Krooβ et al. (1997) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "kroo" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "kroo" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "kroo" defined multiple times with different content
  19. ↑ Sfakianiaki et al (2008). Air tightness measurements of residential houses in Athens, Greece, Building and Environment 43 (2008) 398-405
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Santamouris et al. (2007).
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Bartzis et al. (2009) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "bart" defined multiple times with different content
  22. ↑ Denes T. (2003) The importance of natural ventilation for the climate of dwelling houses. Periodica Polytechnica Ser civ Eng Vol 47(1):137-140
  23. ↑ Fasano G. Et al. (1998). Airtightness measurements in three dwellings in Rome. 19th annual AIVC Conference, Oslo, Norway
  24. ↑ Jaraminiene E. Et al (2006): Heat deman uncertainty evaluation of tpical multi-flat panel building. Journal of civil engineering and management Vol. XII (1):69-75
  25. ↑ Pernot C. Supply and Demand of Indoor Air Qualities in Dwellings
  26. ↑ Carpenter S (1995). Learning from experiences with advanced houses of the word, Centre for analysis and dissemination of demonstrated energy technologies, International energy Agency, CADDET analysis Series 14.
  27. ↑ Brunsell JT (1980) As cited by Kalamees T (2007)
  28. ↑ Granum H et al (1986) As cited by Kalamees T (2007)
  29. ↑ Nafstad P. Et al (1998) Residential Dampness Problems and symptoms and signs of bronchial obstruction in young norwegian children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med; 157:410-414
  30. ↑ Kronvall J (1980) As cited by Kalamees T (2007)
  31. ↑ Nilsoon I (1993) As cited by Kalamees T (2007)
  32. ↑ Stephen RK (1998) as cited by Kalamees T (2007)
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