Pathogen concentrations in raw water

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Question

What are typical concentrations of pathogens in raw water used for drinking water?

Answer

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library(OpasnetUtils)

objects.latest("Op_en7953", code_name = "variable")

oprint(RawConcentration)

Rationale

Raw water has been categorized based on its source and cleanliness:

Ground water - clean
- Clean groundwater
Groundwater - surface water contamination
- for ex. shore infiltration
Surface water - low contamination
- Relatively clean surface water
Surface water - medium contamination
- for ex. low waste water contamination
Surface water - high contamination
- for ex. waste water contamination

Data

The concentrations are based on experts' estimates on concentrations of different pathogens in different kinds of raw water sources and contamination situations. ^[1] ^[2] ^[3] ^[4]

Pathogen concentrations in raw water(microbes/l)
Obs	RawWaterClass	Pathogen	Unit	Result
1	Ground water - clean	campylobacter	microbes/l	0
2	Ground water - clean	E.coli O157:H7	microbes/l	0
3	Ground water - clean	rotavirus	microbes/l	0
4	Ground water - clean	norovirus	microbes/l	0
5	Ground water - clean	sapovirus	microbes/l	0
6	Ground water - clean	cryptosporidium	microbes/l	0
7	Ground water - clean	giardia	microbes/l	0
8	Ground water - surface water contamination	campylobacter	microbes/l	0
9	Ground water - surface water contamination	E.coli O157:H7	microbes/l	0
10	Ground water - surface water contamination	rotavirus	microbes/l	0
11	Ground water - surface water contamination	norovirus	microbes/l	0
12	Ground water - surface water contamination	sapovirus	microbes/l	0
13	Ground water - surface water contamination	cryptosporidium	microbes/l	0
14	Ground water - surface water contamination	giardia	microbes/l	0
15	Surface water - low contamination	campylobacter	microbes/l	1
16	Surface water - low contamination	E.coli O157:H7	microbes/l	1
17	Surface water - low contamination	rotavirus	microbes/l	0.1
18	Surface water - low contamination	norovirus	microbes/l	0.1
19	Surface water - low contamination	sapovirus	microbes/l	0.1
20	Surface water - low contamination	cryptosporidium	microbes/l	0.1
21	Surface water - low contamination	giardia	microbes/l	0.1
22	Surface water - medium contamination	campylobacter	microbes/l	50
23	Surface water - medium contamination	E.coli O157:H7	microbes/l	50
24	Surface water - medium contamination	rotavirus	microbes/l	1
25	Surface water - medium contamination	norovirus	microbes/l	1
26	Surface water - medium contamination	sapovirus	microbes/l	1
27	Surface water - medium contamination	cryptosporidium	microbes/l	10
28	Surface water - medium contamination	giardia	microbes/l	50
29	Surface water - high contamination	campylobacter	microbes/l	1000
30	Surface water - high contamination	E.coli O157:H7	microbes/l	1000
31	Surface water - high contamination	rotavirus	microbes/l	100
32	Surface water - high contamination	norovirus	microbes/l	100
33	Surface water - high contamination	sapovirus	microbes/l	100
34	Surface water - high contamination	cryptosporidium	microbes/l	100
35	Surface water - high contamination	giardia	microbes/l	500

Calculations

Put the data in this page into an ovariable

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# This is code "Op_en7953/concentration" on page [[Pathogen concentrations in raw water]]
library(OpasnetUtils)

RawConcentrationAll <- Ovariable("RawConcentrationAll", ddata = "Op_en7953", getddata = TRUE)

objects.store(RawConcentrationAll)
cat("Ovariable RawConcentrationAll saved.\n")

The raw water default class: Surface water - high contamination

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# This is code "Op_en7953/rawclass" on page [[Health impact of waterborne microbes]]
library(OpasnetUtils)

RawClass <- Ovariable("RawClass", data=data.frame(RawWaterClass = "Surface water - high contamination", RawClassResult = 1))

objects.store(RawClass)
cat("Ovariable RawClass saved. \n")

Use the ovariable to only include data from one raw water class

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# This is code "Op_en7953/variable" on page [[Pathogen concentrations in raw water]]
library(OpasnetUtils)

RawConcentration <- Ovariable("RawConcentration", dependencies = data.frame(
                                  Name=c("RawConcentrationAll", "RawClass"),
                                  Ident=c("Op_en7953/concentration", "Op_en7953/rawclass")
                                  ),
                                  formula = function(...){
                                    # Use the rows of RawConcentration with the right type of raw water
                                    return(RawConcentrationAll*RawClass)
                                  }
)

objects.store(RawConcentration)
cat("Ovariable RawConcentration saved.\n")

References

↑ Hrudey, S. E. and Hrudey, E. J. (2004). Safe Drinking Water. Lessons from Recent Outbreaks in Affluent Nations. London, IWA Publishing.
↑ Medema, G. J., Teunis, P. F., Blokker, M., Deere, D., Davidson, D., Charles, P. and Loret, J. F. (2009). Risk assessment of Cryptosporidium in drinking water, World Health Organisation.
↑ Pedley, S., Yates, M., Schivjen, J. F., West, J., Howard, G. and Barrett, M. (2006). Pathogens: Health relevance, transport and attentuation. Protecting Groundwater for Health Managing the Quality of Drinking‐water Sources. O. Schmoll, G. Howard, J. Chilton and I. Chorus, World Health Organization
↑ WHO (2004). Guidelines for Drinking‐water Quality Third Edition. Volume 1. Geneva, World Health Organization.

[1] Hrudey, S. E. and Hrudey, E. J. (2004). Safe Drinking Water. Lessons from Recent Outbreaks in Affluent Nations. London, IWA Publishing.

[2] Medema, G. J., Teunis, P. F., Blokker, M., Deere, D., Davidson, D., Charles, P. and Loret, J. F. (2009). Risk assessment of Cryptosporidium in drinking water, World Health Organisation.

[3] Pedley, S., Yates, M., Schivjen, J. F., West, J., Howard, G. and Barrett, M. (2006). Pathogens: Health relevance, transport and attentuation. Protecting Groundwater for Health Managing the Quality of Drinking‐water Sources. O. Schmoll, G. Howard, J. Chilton and I. Chorus, World Health Organization

[4] WHO (2004). Guidelines for Drinking‐water Quality Third Edition. Volume 1. Geneva, World Health Organization.

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[2]

[3]

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Pathogen concentrations in raw water

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